Modal verbs & the Satzklammer
Say what you can, must, want and are allowed to do. The modal takes slot 2 and kicks the main verb to the very end — the split German calls the Satzklammer (sentence bracket: the second verb goes to the very end).
Examples
- Ich kann nicht kommen.I can't come.
- Wir müssen jetzt gehen.We have to go now.
- Möchtest du einen Kaffee trinken?Would you like to drink a coffee?
After this pattern you can
- say what you can and can't do
- say what you have to do
- say what you'd like to do
- ask for permission
Start with a conversation
Can you come today?
No, I have to work.
And tomorrow?
Tomorrow I want to go to the cinema.
May I come along?
Sure!
In every answer there are two verbs: a conjugated (changed to match the subject) modal near the front, and a plain infinitive (the dictionary form, like gehen) sitting at the very end. Everything else is packed between them.
The six modals
Their singular forms change the vowel, and — the part learners forget — ich and er/sie/es take NO ending:
THE SATZKLAMMER (sentence bracket: the second verb goes to the very end)
I can't come today.
We have to be at the station at eight.
Are you allowed to park here?
The longer the sentence, the further apart the two verb parts get. That is normal German, not a mistake.
Phrases you can use today
Can you help me?
Typical mistakes
No "zu" before the infinitive.
Only the modal conjugates.
The infinitive goes last, not straight after the modal.
What you'll practise
1. Modal · forms
Stem vowel changes in the singular and ich / er take no ending: ich kann, du kannst, er kann.
- Ich kann schwimmen.I can swim.
- Er muss arbeiten.He has to work.
2. Satzklammer · infinitive last
Modal in slot 2, plain infinitive (the dictionary form, like gehen) at the very end: Ich kann heute nicht kommen.
- Ich will heute Abend ins Kino gehen.I want to go to the cinema tonight.
- Wir können morgen zusammen essen.We can eat together tomorrow.
3. Choosing the right modal
können = ability, müssen = obligation, dürfen = permission, wollen/möchten = wish, sollen = advice.
- Darf ich hier rauchen?May I smoke here?
- Du sollst jetzt schlafen.You're supposed to sleep now.
Practise it until it sticks
Short drills built on these 3 skills, with instant feedback on every answer. Free to start.