过去完成时（had + 过去分词）
“过去的过去”：两件过去的事，先发生的那件用过去完成时。
例句
- When I got to the station, the train had already left.我到车站的时候，火车已经开走了。
- I had never been abroad before that trip.那次旅行之前，我从来没出过国。
- When I arrived, she had been waiting for two hours.我到的时候，她已经等了两个小时了。
讲解
学会以后，你能
- 讲清楚两件过去的事谁先谁后
- 说“到……的时候，已经……了”
- 说“到那时为止，一直在……”
构成
had + 过去分词
所有主语都用 had，没有 has / have 的变化。
The train had left.
火车已经开走了。
I hadn't eaten all day.
我一整天都没吃东西。
缩写：I'd / she'd / they'd = I had …；否定 hadn't = had not。
用法
“过去的过去”
先画一条时间线：过去有一个参照时刻（我到车站），在它之前发生的事用 had + 过去分词。
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
我到车站的时候，火车已经开走了。
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
等我们到电影院的时候，电影已经开始了。
I had never been abroad before that trip.
那次旅行之前，我从来没出过国。
before / after
顺序已经清楚时，一般过去时也可以
After he had finished his homework, he went out to play football.
After he finished his homework, he went out to play football.
他做完作业以后出去踢足球了。（两句都对）
过去完成进行时
had been + 动词-ing
强调到过去某一时刻为止，一直在做某事（常带 for + 一段时间）。
When I arrived, she had been waiting for two hours.
我到的时候，她已经等了两个小时了。
He was tired because he had been running.
他很累，因为他一直在跑步。
常见错误
When I arrived, the film started.（想说“已经开始了”）When I arrived, the film had started.
没有 had，意思就变成“我一到，电影就开始了”。
She has already left when I arrived.She had already left when I arrived.
参照点在过去，用 had，不用 has。
I had went home.I had gone home.
had 后面接过去分词（gone），不是过去式（went）。
Yesterday I had bought a new phone.Yesterday I bought a new phone.
只有一件过去的事时，用一般过去时就够了。
练习要点
1. had + 过去分词
肯定和否定：had / hadn't + 过去分词，所有主语形式相同。
- I realised that I had left my keys at home.我发现我把钥匙落在家里了。
- I hadn't eaten all day.我一整天都没吃东西。
2. 两件过去的事：谁先谁后
before / after / by the time / when 连接两件过去的事，先发生的用过去完成时。
- By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.等我们到电影院的时候，电影已经开始了。
- They hadn't started eating when I arrived.我到的时候他们还没开始吃饭。
3. 过去完成进行时 had been + 动词-ing
到过去某个时刻为止一直在进行的动作。
- She had been waiting for two hours.她已经等了两个小时了。
- Her eyes were red because she had been crying.她的眼睛红红的，因为她一直在哭。
练到脱口而出
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